Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is a member of orthopoxvirus genus. The reemergence of MPXV in 2017 (at Bayelsa state) after 39 years of no reported case in Nigeria, and the export of travelers’ monkeypox (MPX) from Nigeria to other parts of the world, in 2018 and 2019, respectively, have raised concern that MPXV may have emerged to occupy the ecological and immunological niche vacated by smallpox virus. This review X-rays the current state of knowledge pertaining the infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution of MPXV in Nigeria and worldwide, especially with regard to the human, cellular, and viral factors that modulate the virus transmission dynamics, infection, and its maintenance in nature.
This paper also elucidates the role of recombination, gene loss and gene gain in MPXV evolution, chronicles the role of signaling in MPXV infection, and reviews the current therapeutic options available for the treatment and prevention of MPX. Additionally, genome-wide phylogenetic analysis was undertaken, and we show that MPXV isolates from recent 2017 outbreak in Nigeria were monophyletic with the isolate exported to Israel from Nigeria but do not share the most recent common ancestor with isolates obtained from earlier outbreaks, in 1971 and 1978, respectively.
Finally, the review highlighted gaps in knowledge particularly the non-identification of a definitive reservoir host animal for MPXV and proposed future research endeavors to address the unresolved questions. Although human polyomavirus JC (JCV) seroprevalence in the general population is high, its neurological complications are rare and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a lethal central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease, is the most well-known. After an usually asymptomatic primary infection during late childhood, a latent JCV form persists in different sites, notably the kidneys and lymphocytes.
Rearrangement of that archetype into the prototypical neurotropic strain can reactivate JCV, thereby enabling its CNS penetration and infection of glial cells. In a context of defective immune defenses (HIV infection, cancer or immunosuppressant therapies) this infection leads to oligodendrocyte death that contributes, via demyelinization, to PML but also, as more recently described, to other CNS complications, e.g., JCV granule cell neuronopathy, meningitis or encephalitis. Clinical manifestations depend on the localization of the lesions.
The increasingly widespread use of new immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies to treat multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory systemic diseases has increased PML frequency in those previously rarely affected entities.
Can Zika Virus Infection in High Risk Pregnant Women Be Differentiated on the Basis of Symptoms?
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in pregnancy is associated with congenital neurological abnormalities. Our understanding of the full clinical spectrum of ZIKV infection is incomplete. Using data from this prospective cohort study consisting of 650 women attending a high-risk pregnancy clinic during the Zika virus outbreak in Brazil, we investigated the extent to which specific symptoms can be utilized to differentiate ZIKV-infected pregnant women from those with other pregnancy-related problems.
All were tested for ZIKV in urine by RT-qPCR. Demographic and clinical data including physical symptoms during follow-up were recorded and analyzed with respect to Zika virus exposure status. Forty-eight (7.4%) women were positive for ZIKV by RT-qPCR. The majority (70.8%) were asymptomatic, and only four ZIKV-positive women (8.3%) reported symptoms during pregnancy that met the WHO case definition.
Zika-positive and -negative women reported similar frequencies of ZIKV-like symptoms (as per the WHO definition): fever (16.7% vs. 13.6%), arthralgia/arthritis (10.4% vs. 11.3%), rash (4.2% vs. 5.3%), and conjunctivitis (2.1% vs. 3.2%). Most pregnant women positive for ZIKV in urine are asymptomatic and do not deliver a baby with microcephaly. Physical symptoms alone did not differentiate between high-risk pregnant women positive or negative for ZIKV.
Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution
Persistent viral shedding despite seroconversion in a kidney transplant recipient with severe extrapulmonary COVID-19
Renal transplant (RT) recipients are at increased risk for infectious complications. The clinical course of COVID-19 has been described in several RT recipients with varying clinical outcomes. Most present with pulmonary manifestations, however extrapulmonary presentations are not uncommon. Also, the timing and efficacy of seroconversion in transplant recipients is not well known.
This report describes the duration of viral shedding and timing of seroconversion in a young adult RT recipient with COVID-19 who presented with severe diarrhoea and acute kidney injury requiring dialysis. She developed anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody after 5 weeks despite persistently shedding the virus in the nasopharynx until 6 weeks after symptom onset. Further studies are needed to determine if immunosuppressed patients have prolonged viral shedding and are still contagious despite seroconversion.
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Mouse Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids.
ELISA kit for Mouse Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Mouse Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids.
ELISA kit for Mouse Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Mouse Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of General Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
General Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of General Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
General Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of General Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
General Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) ELISA Kit
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Competitive Inhibition method for detection of General Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.
General Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of General Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: A competitive ELISA kit for quantitative measurement of Rat NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) in samples from Serum, Plasma, Cell supernatant
ELISA kit for Rat Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Rat Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids.
ELISA kit for Rat Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Rat Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids.
ELISA kit for Rat Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Rat Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids.
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Dog Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ELISA kit
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Dog Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ELISA kit
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Rat Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ELISA kit
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Rat Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ELISA kit
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Rat Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ELISA kit
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Porcine Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Porcine Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Porcine Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
ELISA kit for Mouse NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate)
Description: A competitive ELISA kit for quantitative measurement of Mouse NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) in samples from Serum, Plasma, Cell supernatant
ELISA kit for Human NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate)
Description: A competitive ELISA kit for quantitative measurement of Human NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) in samples from Serum, Plasma, Cell supernatant
ELISA kit for Mouse Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Human Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids.
ELISA kit for Human Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Human Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids.
ELISA kit for Human Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Human Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids.
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Goat Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Goat Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Goat Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NAADP) in samples from serum, plasma or other biological fluids.
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NAADP) in samples from serum, plasma or other biological fluids.
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Human Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ELISA kit
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Human Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ELISA kit
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Human Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ELISA kit
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
ELISA kit for Chicken Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rabbit Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rabbit Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rabbit Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Monkey Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Monkey Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Monkey Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Nox4 ELISA Kit| Rat Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
Description: A competitive Inhibition ELISA kit for detection of Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate from General in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Rat Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Rat Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Goat Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Goat Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Goat Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Dog Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Dog Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Dog Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase ELISA kit
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Porcine Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
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Diagnosis relies on magnetic resonance imaging, JCV detection in cerebrospinal fluid and, when necessary, brain histology. PML is often lethal. No specific, evidence-based treatment with clinically relevant efficacy is available. The therapeutic objective is to restore host immune responses to JCV, while avoiding immune-reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
